درس چهاردهم: افعال مدال ۲ (Modals 2)

درس چهاردهم کتاب Grammar For IELTS

افعال مدال افعال کمکی هستند که اطلاعاتی در مورد توانایی، امکان یا ضرورت می دهند. اصطلاحات بیان کننده الزام و ضرورت، زمانی به کار برده می‌شوند که لازم است عملی انجام شود. این نیاز می‌تواند درونی یعنی ناشی از برداشت فرد گوینده یا خارجی یعنی ناشی از قوانین و مقررات الزام آور باشد.

۱.اجبار و ضرورت

افعال need to , must(mustn’t), have to ,have got to  بیان کننده الزام و ضرورت هستند:

Must

‘Must’ is the basic and most direct way of saying something is compulsory. It means you have no choice but to do (or not do) an action. We can only use ‘must’ in the present form to describe a general or permanent obligation, or an obligation in the near future. The structure of ‘must’ is easy because it is the same for every subject:

When you drive you must wear a seatbelt.

They must hand in their projects before the 8th June.

Have to

In the affirmative form, ‘have to’ has the same meaning as ‘must’ and is used to express obligations. However, ‘have to’ is much more flexible than ‘must’ because we can use it in the past, the present and the future. For this reason it is very commonly used in modern English. Its structure is the same as any normal verb:

We have to do the shopping because the cupboards are empty.

She has to take two trains and a bus to get to work every day.

The negative form of ‘have to’ has a very different meaning from ‘mustn’t’. We use ‘don’t have to’ to mean something is not necessary and that there is no obligation. For example:

She doesn’t have to come to the meeting if she doesn’t want to.

Must or Have to?

So when do you use ‘must’ and when do you use ‘have to’? Generally speaking, in the present affirmative form you can use either ‘must’ or ‘have to’. However, there is a slight difference when we speak in the first person.

When you want to describe an internal obligation (an order you give yourself), it’s better to use ‘must’. For example:

These pants don’t fit me anymore. I must lose weight.

On the contrary, when you describe an external obligation (an order someone gives you) we use ‘have to’. For example:

My doctor told me I’m overweight and I have to go on a diet

Instead when orders are general and official, for example on notices and documents, we usually use ‘must’. For example:

Passengers must keep their bags with them at all times

نکات و اشتباه‌های مربوط به must

Mustهنگامی استفاده میشود که الزام از طرف شخص گوینده باشد:

هنگامی که الزام ناشی از مقررات اداری و قانون است have to و need to بیشتر ازmust به کار برده می شوند:

Mustبیشتر در تابلوها، اعلانات و اطلاع رسانی نوشتاری به کار می رود:

درس چهاردهم کتاب Grammar For IELTS

۲. عدم الزام

ما وقتی می‌خواهیم بگوییم انجام دادن کاری ضروری نیست (لازم نیست کسی کاری را انجام دهد)، از دو مورد زیر استفاده می‌شود:

• needn’t
•  don’t need/have to

۳. پیشنهاد و توصیه

ما وقتی حق انتخاب و تصمیم‌گیری داریم، یا هنگامی که می‌خواهیم یک توصیه و نصیحت را بیان کنیم، از دو مورد زیر استفاده می‌شود:

•  Should
•  Ought to

با توجه به توضیحات فوق، جمله‌ی زیر اشتباه است:

.People are not as careful as they must be and drop their litter in the streets

شکل صحیح جمله‌ی گفته شده :

درس چهاردهم کتاب Grammar For IELTS

۴. قیدها

قیدهایی نظیر just, sometimes, never, always, also و anly بعد از افعال کمکی می‌آیند:

برای تاکید بیشتر really قبل از فعل استفاده ‌می‌شود:

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