درس چهارم کتاب Grammar For IELTS
در این درس به طور دقیق و واضح به تفاوت زمان گذشته کامل و گذشته کامل استمراری می پردازیم. در ابتدا درسنامه را یک مرور کنید و سپس برای دیدن مثال ها و تمرین های بیشتر به ویدیو مراجعه کنید.
گذشته کامل (past perfect)
همانطور که میدانید برای اشاره به عملی که در گذشته قبل از عمل دیگری انجام شده، زمان گذشته کامل بکار می‌رود.
| آن ها به موسیقی او گوش داده بودند. | They had listened (had+p.p) to his music. |
| وقتی رسیدی، من غذایم را تمام کرده بودم. (یعنی بعد از پایان یافتن عمل اول(خوردن غذا) عمل دوم (رسیدن) انجام شده است.) | When you arrived, I had already finished my meal. |
نکته: اگر وقایع به ترتیب وقوع زمانی و تاریخی ذکر شده باشند، از زمان گذشته ساده استفاده می‌کنیم.
| پدربزرگش موسیقی‌دان بود و پدرش هم آهنگساز بود. | His grandfather was a musician and his father was also a composer. |
زمان گذشته کامل استمراری (past perfect continuous)
این زمان برای تاکید بر مدت زمانی که عمل ادامه داشته یا تاکید بر خود عمل، استفاده می‌شود.
| He had been trying to open the door for ten minutes when he found the keys. |
We use the ‘past perfect continuous tense’ for something that started in the past and continued up to a given time in the past.
نکته مهم ۱:
از زمان گذشته کامل استمراری برای بیان تعداد دفعات وقوع یک عمل استفاده نمی گردد.
| I knew the way as I had visited her several times before. |
نکته مهم ۲:
افعال بیان حالت معمولا شکل استمراری ندارند.
Grammar exercises :
سوال ۱: شکل مثبت یا منفی گذشته کامل افعال داخل پرانتز را در جای خالی بنویسید.
According to Dr Ken Winkle, Australia’s Red-back spider is colonizing the world Dr Winkle, a venom expert from the University of Melbourne, said that authorities 1………………….(find) Red-back spiders in Japan and Belgium. They suspected that spiders or their eggs 2……………… (enter) these countries along with Australian trading goods. Furthermore, it was extremely likely that the spiders 3………………….. (make) their way into other nations around the world but that people 4……………….. (discover) them yet. Dr Winkle said the spiders 5…………… (also/ turn up) in the port city of Osaka( which receives a variety of Australian trade goods) in the late 1990sa and 6 ………………… (multiply)quickly. He said Australian spider experts were collaborating with Japanese officials to find a way to stop the venomous invader.
- Had found
- Had entered
- Had made
- Had not discovered
- Had also turned up
- Had multiplied
سوال ۲: گزاره را با شکل ساده یا گذشته کامل ساده افعال داخل پرانتز کامل کنید.
The chart shows the percentage of people aged 65 and over the United States between 1900 and 2000. In the year 1900 just over 4% of the population 1 ……… (be) aged over 65. However , by 1960 this figure 2…………… (double).
The number of people aged between 75 and 84 3…………………(remain) fairly steady between 1900 and 1930, making up only 1-1.3% of the population. The figure 4…………………….. (begin) to rise more significantly in 1940 and by 1970 it 5……………. (triple) to reach 3% of population.
- Was
- Had doubled
- Remained
- Began
- Had tripled
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